Catopedia

Author: Emma Johnson

Category: Cat Health & Dental Care

1. Pathology and Symptoms of Feline Periodontal Disease

Feline periodontal disease occurs when bacteria on the surface of teeth produce toxins, causing inflammation of the gums and surrounding bone. According to a 2009 survey by Anicom Sompo, among 730 claims for cat surgeries, 19% were related to dental or periodontal disease.

Key components in the development of periodontal disease include:
- Pellicle: A thin film formed on the tooth surface, derived from proteins and glycoproteins in saliva and gums. Initially protective, it can later provide a surface for bacteria to colonize.
- Plaque: Sticky bacterial colonies mixed with glycoproteins, extracellular polysaccharides, epithelial cells, and immune cells. Plaque adheres strongly to teeth and is difficult to remove without mechanical or chemical cleaning.
- Tartar (Calculus): Mineralized plaque containing calcium and phosphate. Once hardened, it is difficult to remove and can form a rough surface that encourages further plaque accumulation.
- Gums (Gingiva): Pink tissue covering the roots of teeth.
- Periodontal tissues: Includes the periodontal ligament, alveolar bone, and surrounding gingiva.

As bacteria multiply in plaque and tartar, they release toxins that irritate the gums, leading to inflammation called gingivitis. Left untreated, this can progress to periodontitis, affecting the bone and connective tissue supporting the teeth.

Common symptoms of periodontal disease include:
- Red or swollen gums
- Bad breath (halitosis)
- Bleeding from the gums
- Loose or shifting teeth
- Reduced appetite or slower eating
- Vomiting in severe cases
- Secondary sinus issues
- Potential long-term impact on heart, kidney, liver, and lungs (research ongoing)

2. Stages of Periodontal Disease (AVDC Classification)

The American Veterinary Dental College classifies feline periodontal disease into four stages based on gum recession and bone loss measured with a periodontal probe and X-rays:
- Stage 1 (PD1): Gingivitis only, no periodontitis, no gum recession.
- Stage 2 (PD2): Early periodontitis, gum recession <25%.
- Stage 3 (PD3): Moderate periodontitis, gum recession 25–50%.
- Stage 4 (PD4): Advanced periodontitis, gum recession >50%.

It is common for a single cat to show different stages on different teeth.

3. Causes of Feline Periodontal Disease

- Trauma: Biting hard or sharp objects can damage gums, leading to localized gingivitis. Usually heals if the injury resolves.
- Bacterial proliferation: Poor oral hygiene allows bacteria to multiply using trapped food debris as nutrition. Plaque accumulates, leading to inflammation of surrounding tissues.
- Weakened immunity: When a cat's immune system is compromised, bacterial growth increases, producing more toxins and accelerating inflammation.

4. Treatment and Care

- Professional Cleaning: Removal of hardened tartar and plaque is essential to eliminate the source of inflammation. Veterinary cleaning usually requires anesthesia for safety and effectiveness. Ultrasonic scalers and polishing tools are used to clean teeth and delay plaque reattachment.
- Diet and Oral Hygiene: Offering slightly firmer food encourages chewing, increases saliva production, and helps naturally clean teeth. Establishing a routine of brushing the cat's teeth after meals is important.
- Address Underlying Conditions: Treat diseases such as diabetes or other systemic issues that may contribute to periodontal problems.
- Symptomatic Care: Pain management, anti-inflammatory care, or treatments for secondary infections may be necessary depending on the cat's condition.

Regular dental check-ups and preventive care are key to maintaining oral health. Periodontal disease can develop gradually, so early detection and consistent oral hygiene can prevent severe complications, ensuring your cat remains healthy and comfortable.